RFC 9820 | CoAP-EAP | September 2025
Marin-Lopez & Garcia-Carrillo | Standards Track | [Page]

Stream:
  Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
RFC:
  9820
Category:
  Standards Track
Published:
  September 2025
ISSN:
  2070-1721
Authors:
  R. Marin-Lopez
  University of Murcia
  D. Garcia-Carrillo
  University of Oviedo

# RFC 9820

# Authentication Service Based on the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) for Use with the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)

## Abstract

This document specifies an authentication service that uses the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) as a transport method to carry the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP). As such, it defines an EAP lower layer based on CoAP called "CoAP-EAP". One of the main goals is to authenticate a CoAP-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) device (EAP peer) that intends to join a security domain managed by a Controller (EAP authenticator). Secondly, it allows deriving key material to protect CoAP messages exchanged between them based on Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments (OSCORE), enabling the establishment of a security association between them.¶

## Status of This Memo

This is an Internet Standards Track document.¶

This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.¶

Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9820.¶

## Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.¶

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.¶

## 1. Introduction

This document specifies an authentication service (application) that uses the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) [RFC3748] and is built on top of the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [RFC7252]; it is called "CoAP-EAP". CoAP-EAP is an application that allows authenticating two CoAP endpoints by using EAP and establishing an Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments (OSCORE) security association between them. More specifically, this document specifies how CoAP can be used as a constrained, link-layer-independent, reliable EAP lower layer [RFC3748] to transport EAP messages between a CoAP server (acting as an EAP peer) and a CoAP client (acting as an EAP authenticator) using CoAP messages. The CoAP client has the option of contacting a backend Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) infrastructure to complete the EAP negotiation, as described in the EAP specification [RFC3748].¶

In the case of this specification, the EAP methods that can be transported with CoAP-EAP MUST export cryptographic material [RFC5247]. Examples of such methods are the EAP Generalized Pre-Shared Key (EAP-GPSK) [RFC5433], the EAP Method for Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Subscriber Identity Modules (EAP-SIM) [RFC4186], the EAP Method for 3rd Generation Authentication and Key Agreement (EAP-AKA') [RFC5448], EAP-TLS 1.3 [RFC9190], EAP with Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman over CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (EAP-EDHOC) [EAP-EDHOC], etc. ("CBOR" stands for "Concise Binary Object Representation".) In general, any EAP method designed in the EAP Method Update (EMU) Working Group that exports the Master Session Key (MSK) can be used with CoAP-EAP. The MSK is used as the basis for further cryptographic derivations. This way, CoAP messages are protected after authentication. After the CoAP-EAP operation, an OSCORE security association is established between the endpoints of the service. Using the keying material from the authentication, other security associations could be generated. Appendix A shows how to establish a (D)TLS security association using the keying material from the EAP authentication.¶

One of the main applications of CoAP-EAP involves Internet of Things (IoT) networks, where we can find very constrained links (e.g., limited bandwidth) and devices with limited capabilities. In these IoT scenarios, we identify the IoT device as the entity that wants to be authenticated by using EAP to join a domain that is managed by a Controller. In these cases, the IoT device is the EAP peer and the Controller is the entity steering the authentication (i.e., the EAP authenticator); from now on, the IoT device will be referred to as the EAP peer and the Controller will be referred to as the EAP authenticator. In these cases, EAP methods with fewer exchanges, shorter messages, and cryptographic algorithms suitable for constrained devices are preferable. The benefits of the EAP framework in IoT networks are highlighted in [EAP-Framework-IoT].¶

### 1.1. Requirements Language

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.¶

Readers are expected to be familiar with the terms and concepts described in CoAP [RFC7252], EAP [RFC3748] [RFC5247], and OSCORE [RFC8613].¶

## 2. General Architecture

Figure 1 illustrates the architecture defined in this document. In this architecture, the EAP peer will act as a CoAP server for this service and the domain EAP authenticator will act as a CoAP client. The rationale behind this decision is that EAP Requests will always travel from the EAP server to the EAP peer. Accordingly, EAP Responses will always travel from the EAP peer to the EAP server.¶

It is worth noting that the EAP authenticator MAY interact with a backend AAA infrastructure when EAP pass-through mode is used, which will place the EAP server in the AAA server that contains the information required to authenticate the EAP peer.¶

The protocol stack is described in Figure 2. CoAP-EAP is an application built on top of CoAP. On top of the application, there is an EAP state machine that can run any EAP method. In the case of this specification, the EAP method MUST support key derivation and export as specified in [RFC5247]: an MSK of at least 64 octets and an Extended Master Session Key (EMSK) of at least 64 octets. CoAP-EAP also relies on CoAP reliability mechanisms to transport EAP: CoAP over UDP with Confirmable messages [RFC7252] or CoAP over TCP, TLS, or WebSockets [RFC8323].¶

¶
Figure 1: CoAP-EAP Architecture
¶
Figure 2: CoAP-EAP Stack

## 3. CoAP-EAP Operation

Because CoAP-EAP uses reliable delivery as defined in CoAP [RFC7252] [RFC8323], EAP retransmission time is set to an infinite value, as mentioned in [RFC3748]. To maintain ordering guarantees, CoAP-EAP uses Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State (HATEOAS). Each step during the EAP authentication accesses a new resource in the CoAP server (EAP peer). The previous resource is removed once the new resource is created, indicating the resource that will process the next step of the EAP authentication.¶

One of the benefits of using EAP is that we can choose from a large variety of authentication methods.¶

In CoAP-EAP, the EAP peer will only have one authentication session with a specific EAP authenticator, and it will not process any other EAP authentication in parallel (with the same EAP authenticator). That is, a single ongoing EAP authentication is permitted for the same EAP peer and the same EAP authenticator. It may be worth noting that the EAP authenticator may have parallel EAP sessions with multiple EAP peers.¶

To access the authentication service, this document defines the well-known URI "coap-eap" (see Section 9.3). The /.well-known/coap-eap URI is used with "coap", "coap+tcp", or "coap+ws".¶

### 3.1. Discovery

Before the CoAP-EAP exchange takes place, the EAP peer needs to discover the EAP authenticator or the entity that will enable the CoAP-EAP exchange (i.e., an intermediary). The discovery process is outside the scope of this document.¶

The CoAP-EAP application can be accessed through the URI "coap-eap" for the trigger message (see Section 3.2, Step 0). The CoAP-EAP service can be discovered by asking directly about the services offered. This information can also be available in the resource directory [RFC9176].¶

Implementation notes: There are different methods for discovering the IPv6 address of the EAP authenticator or intermediary entity. For example, in a 6LoWPAN network, the Border Router will typically act as the EAP authenticator. Hence, after receiving the Router Advertisement (RA) messages from the Border Router, the EAP peer may engage in the CoAP-EAP exchange.¶

### 3.2. Flow of Operation (OSCORE Establishment)

Figure 3 shows the general flow of operation for CoAP-EAP to authenticate using EAP and establish an OSCORE Security Context. The flow does not show a specific EAP method. Instead, the chosen EAP method is represented by using a generic name (EAP-X). The flow assumes that the EAP peer knows the EAP authenticator implements the CoAP-EAP service. A CoAP-EAP message has the media type "application/coap-eap". See Section 9.5.¶

The steps for this flow of operation are as follows:¶

- Step 0. The EAP peer MUST start the CoAP-EAP process by sending a "POST /.well-known/coap-eap" request (trigger message). This message carries the 'No-Response' CoAP option [RFC7967] to avoid waiting for a response that is not needed. This is the only message where the EAP authenticator acts as a CoAP server and the EAP peer acts as a CoAP client. The message also includes a URI in the payload of the message to indicate the resource where the EAP authenticator MUST send the next message. The name of the resource is selected by the CoAP server.¶

Implementation notes: When generating the URI for a resource during a step of the authentication, the resource could have the following format as an example "path/eap/counter", where:¶

- "path" is some local path on the device to make the path unique. This could be omitted if desired.¶
- "eap" is the name that indicates that the URI is for the EAP peer. This has no meaning for the protocol but helps with debugging.¶
- "counter" is an incrementing unique number for every new EAP Request.¶

So, per Figure 3, the URI for the first resource would be "/a/eap/1".¶

- Step 1. The EAP authenticator sends a POST message to the resource indicated in Step 0 (e.g., "/a/eap/1"). The payload in this message contains the first EAP message (EAP-Request/Identity, or EAP-Req/Id) and the Recipient ID of the EAP authenticator (RID-C) for OSCORE, and MAY contain a CBOR array with a list of proposed cipher suites (CS-C) for OSCORE. If the cipher suite list is not included, the default cipher suite for OSCORE is used. The details of the cipher suite negotiation are discussed in Section 6.1.¶
- Step 2. The EAP peer processes the POST message sending the EAP Request (EAP-Req/Id) to the EAP peer state machine, which returns an EAP Response (EAP-Response/Identity, or EAP-Resp/Id). Then, the CoAP-EAP application assigns a new resource to the ongoing authentication process (e.g., "/a/eap/2") and deletes the previous one ("/a/eap/1"). Finally, the CoAP-EAP application sends a '2.01 Created' response with the new resource identifier in the Location-Path (and/or Location-Query) Options for the next step. The EAP Response, the Recipient ID of the EAP peer (RID-I), and the selected cipher suite for OSCORE (CS-I) are included in the payload. In this step, the EAP peer may create an OSCORE Security Context (see Section 6.2). The required MSK will be available once the EAP authentication is successful (Step 7).¶
- Steps 3-6. From now on, the EAP authenticator and the EAP peer will exchange EAP packets related to the EAP method (EAP-X), transported in the CoAP message payload. The EAP authenticator will use the POST method to send EAP Requests to the EAP peer. The EAP peer will use a CoAP response to carry the EAP Response in the payload. EAP Requests and responses are represented in Figure 3 using the nomenclature "EAP-X-Req" and "EAP-X-Resp", respectively. When a POST message arrives (e.g., "/a/eap/1") carrying an EAP Request message, if processed correctly by the EAP peer state machine, it returns an EAP Response. Along with each EAP Response, a new resource is created (e.g., "/a/eap/3") for processing the next EAP Request and the ongoing resource (e.g., "/a/eap/2") is erased. This way, ordering guarantees are achieved. Finally, an EAP Response is sent in the payload of a CoAP response that will also indicate the new resource in the Location-Path (and/or Location-Query) Options. If an error occurs while processing a legitimate message, the server will return a '4.00 Bad Request'. Error handling is discussed in Section 3.5.¶
- Step 7. When the EAP authentication ends successfully, the EAP authenticator obtains the MSK exported by the EAP method, an EAP Success message, and some authorization information [RFC5247] (e.g., Session-Lifetime). The EAP authenticator creates the OSCORE Security Context using the MSK and Recipient ID of both entities exchanged in Steps 1 and 2. The establishment of the OSCORE Security Context is defined in Section 6.2. Then, the EAP authenticator sends the POST message protected with OSCORE for key confirmation, including the EAP Success. The EAP authenticator MAY also send a Session-Lifetime, in seconds, which is represented by an unsigned integer in a CBOR Object (see Section 5). If this Session-Lifetime is not sent, the EAP peer assumes a default value of 8 hours, as RECOMMENDED in [RFC5247]. The reception of the OSCORE-protected POST message is considered by the EAP peer as an alternate indication of success [RFC3748]. The EAP peer state machine in the EAP peer interprets the alternate indication of success (similarly to the arrival of an EAP Success) and returns the MSK, which is used to create the OSCORE Security Context in the EAP peer to process the protected POST message received from the EAP authenticator.¶
- Step 8. If the EAP authentication and the verification of the OSCORE-protected POST (Step 7) are successful, then the EAP peer answers with an OSCORE-protected '2.04 Changed'. From this point on, communication with the last resource (e.g., "/a/eap/(n)") MUST be protected with OSCORE. If allowed by application policy, the same OSCORE Security Context MAY be used to protect communication to other resources between the same endpoints.¶

¶
Figure 3: CoAP-EAP Flow of Operation with OSCORE

### 3.3. Re-Authentication

When the CoAP-EAP state is close to expiring, the EAP peer may want to start a new authentication process (re-authentication) to renew the state. The main goal is to obtain new and fresh keying material (MSK/EMSK) that, in turn, allows deriving a new OSCORE Security Context, increasing the protection against key leakage. The keying material MUST be renewed before the expiration of the Session-Lifetime. By default, the EAP key management framework [RFC5247] establishes a default value of 8 hours to refresh the keying material. Certain EAP methods such as Nimble Out-of-Band Authentication for EAP (EAP-NOOB) [RFC9140] or EAP-AKA' [RFC5448] provide fast reconnect for quicker re-authentication. The EAP Re-authentication Protocol (ERP) [RFC6696] MAY also be used to avoid the repetition of the entire EAP exchange.¶

The re-authentication message flow will be the same as that shown in Figure 3. Nevertheless, two different CoAP-EAP states will be active during the re-authentication: the current CoAP-EAP state and the new CoAP-EAP state, which will be created once the re-authentication has finished successfully. Once the re-authentication is completed successfully, the current CoAP-EAP state is deleted and replaced by the new CoAP-EAP state. If for any reason the re-authentication fails, the current CoAP-EAP state will be available until it expires, or it will be renewed during a subsequent re-authentication attempt.¶

If the re-authentication fails, it is up to the EAP peer to decide when to start a new re-authentication before the current EAP state expires.¶

### 3.4. Managing the State of the Service

The EAP peer and the EAP authenticator keep state during the CoAP-EAP negotiation. The CoAP-EAP state includes several important parts:¶

- A reference to an instance of the EAP (peer or authenticator/server) state machine.¶

- The resource for the next message in the negotiation (e.g., "/a/eap/2").¶

- The MSK, which is exported when the EAP authentication is successful. CoAP-EAP can access the different variables via the EAP state machine (see [RFC4137]).¶

- A reference to the OSCORE context.¶

Once created, the EAP authenticator MAY choose to delete the state as described in Figure 4. Conversely, the EAP peer may need to renew the CoAP-EAP state because the key material is close to expiring, as mentioned in Section 3.3.¶

There are situations where the current CoAP-EAP state might need to be removed. For instance, due to its expiration or forced removal, the EAP peer has to be expelled from the security domain. Such an exchange is illustrated in Figure 4.¶

If the EAP authenticator deems it necessary to remove the CoAP-EAP state from the EAP peer before it expires, it can send a DELETE command in a request to the EAP peer, referencing the last CoAP-EAP state resource given by the CoAP server, whose identifier will be the last one received (e.g., "/a/eap/(n)" in Figure 3). This message is protected by the OSCORE security association to prevent forgery. Upon reception of this message, the CoAP server sends a response to the EAP authenticator with the code '2.02 Deleted', which is also protected by the OSCORE security association. If a response from the EAP peer does not arrive after EXCHANGE_LIFETIME, the EAP authenticator will remove the state.¶

¶
Figure 4: Deleting State

### 3.5. Error Handling

This section elaborates on how different errors are handled: EAP authentication failure (Section 3.5.1), a non-responsive endpoint (Section 3.5.2), and duplicated messages (Section 3.5.3).¶

#### 3.5.1. EAP Authentication Failure

The EAP authentication may fail in different situations (e.g., wrong credentials). The result is that the EAP authenticator will send an EAP Failure message because of a failed EAP authentication (Step 7 in Figure 3). In this case, the EAP peer MUST send a response '4.01 Unauthorized' in Step 8. Therefore, Steps 7 and 8 are not protected in this case because no MSK is exported and the OSCORE Security Context is not yet generated.¶

If the EAP authentication fails during the re-authentication and the EAP authenticator sends an EAP Failure, the current CoAP-EAP state will still be usable until it expires.¶

#### 3.5.2. Non-Responsive Endpoint

If for any reason one of the entities becomes non-responsive, the CoAP-EAP state SHOULD be removed after a stipulated amount of time. The amount of time can be adjusted according to the policies established by the application or use case where CoAP-EAP is used. As a default value, the CoAP EXCHANGE_LIFETIME parameter, as defined in CoAP [RFC7252], will be used.¶

The removal of the CoAP-EAP state in the EAP authenticator assumes that the EAP peer will need to authenticate again.¶

According to CoAP, EXCHANGE_LIFETIME considers the time it takes until a client stops expecting a response to a request. A timer is reset every time a message is sent. By default, CoAP-EAP adopts the value of EXCHANGE_LIFETIME as a timer in the EAP peer and authenticator to remove the CoAP-EAP state if the authentication process has not progressed to completion during that time.¶

The EAP peer will remove the CoAP-EAP state if either the EXCHANGE_LIFETIME is triggered or the EAP peer state machine returns an eapFail.¶

The EAP authenticator will remove the CoAP-EAP state if either the EXCHANGE_LIFETIME is triggered or, when the EAP authenticator is operating in pass-through mode (i.e., the EAP authentication is performed against a AAA server), the EAP authenticator state machine returns "aaaTimeout" [RFC4137].¶

#### 3.5.3. Duplicated Message with /.well-known/coap-eap

The reception of the trigger message (Step 0 in Figure 3) containing the URI /coap-eap needs some additional considerations, as the resource is always available in the EAP authenticator.¶

If a trigger message arrives at the EAP authenticator during an ongoing authentication with the same EAP peer, the EAP authenticator MUST silently discard this trigger message.¶

If an old "POST /.well-known/coap-eap" (Step 0 in Figure 5) arrives at the EAP authenticator and there is no authentication ongoing, the EAP authenticator may understand that a new authentication process is requested. Consequently, the EAP authenticator will start a new EAP authentication. However, if the EAP peer did not start any authentication, it will send a '4.04 Not Found' in the response (Figure 5).¶

¶
Figure 5: /.well-known/coap-eap with No Ongoing Authentication from the EAP Authenticator

### 3.6. Proxy Operation in CoAP-EAP

The CoAP-EAP operation is intended to be compatible with the use of intermediary entities between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator when direct communication is not possible. In this context, CoAP proxies can be used as enablers of the CoAP-EAP exchange.¶

This specification is limited to using standard CoAP [RFC7252] as well as standardized CoAP options [RFC8613]. It does not specify any addition in the form of CoAP options. This is expected to ease the integration of CoAP intermediaries in the CoAP-EAP exchange.¶

When using proxies in the CoAP-EAP exchange, it should be considered that the exchange contains a role-reversal process at the beginning of the exchange. In the first message, the EAP peer acts as a CoAP client and the EAP authenticator acts as the CoAP server. In the remaining exchanges, the roles are reversed (i.e., the EAP peer acts as the CoAP server, and the EAP authenticator acts as the CoAP client). When using a proxy in the exchange, for message 0 it will act as a forward proxy, and as a reverse proxy for the rest. Additionally, in the first exchange, the EAP peer, as a CoAP client, sends the URI for the next CoAP message in the payload of a request. This is not the typical behavior, as URIs referring to new services/resources appear in Location-Path and/or Location-Query Options in CoAP responses. Hence, the proxy will have to treat the payload of Message 0 as if it were a Location-Path Option of a CoAP response.¶

## 4. CoAP-EAP Media Type Format

In the CoAP-EAP exchange, the format specified by the "application/coap-eap" media type will be used. See Section 9.5.¶

In CoAP-EAP, there are two different elements that can be sent over the payload. The first one is a relative URI. This payload will be present for the first message (0) in Figure 3.¶

In all the other cases, an EAP message will be followed by the CBOR Object specified in Section 5. A visual example of the second case can be found in Figure 7 (Section 6.1).¶

## 5. CBOR Objects in CoAP-EAP

In the CoAP-EAP exchange, information needs to be exchanged between the two entities -- for example, the cipher suites that need to be negotiated, or authorization information (Session-Lifetime). There may also be a need to extend the information that has to be exchanged in the future. This section specifies the CBOR data structure [RFC8949] to exchange information between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator in the CoAP payload.¶

Figure 6 shows the specification of the CBOR Object to exchange information in CoAP-EAP.¶

       CoAP-EAP_Info = {
          ?  1 : [+ int],     ; Cipher Suite (CS-C or CS-I)
          ?  2 : bstr,        ; RID-C
          ?  3 : bstr,        ; RID-I
          ?  4 : uint         ; Session-Lifetime
      }

Figure 6: CBOR Data Structure for CoAP-EAP

The parameters contain the following information:¶

1. Cipher Suite: An array with the list of proposed, or selected, CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) algorithms for OSCORE. If the field is carried over a request, a proposed cipher suite is indicated; if it is carried over a response, it corresponds to the agreed-upon cipher suite.¶
2. RID-C: The Recipient ID of the EAP authenticator. The EAP peer uses this value as the Sender ID for its OSCORE Sender Context. The EAP authenticator uses this value as the Recipient ID for its Recipient Context.¶
3. RID-I: The Recipient ID of the EAP peer. The EAP authenticator uses this value as the Sender ID for its OSCORE Sender Context. The EAP peer uses this value as the Recipient ID for its Recipient Context.¶
4. Session-Lifetime: The time that the session is valid, in seconds.¶

Other indexes can be used to carry additional values as needed, like specific authorization parameters.¶

The indexes from 65001 to 65535 are reserved for experimentation.¶

## 6. Cipher Suite Negotiation and Key Derivation

### 6.1. Cipher Suite Negotiation

OSCORE runs after the EAP authentication, using the cipher suite selected in the cipher suite negotiation (Steps 1 and 2 in Figure 3). To negotiate the cipher suite, CoAP-EAP follows a simple approach: The EAP authenticator sends a list, in decreasing order of preference, with the identifiers of the supported cipher suites (Step 1 in Figure 8). In the response to that message (Step 2 in Figure 8), the EAP peer sends its choice.¶

This list is included in the payload after the EAP message through a CBOR array. An example of how the fields are arranged in the CoAP payload can be seen in Figure 7. An example exchange for the cipher suite negotiation is shown in Figure 8. The EAP Request (EAP-Req/Id) and EAP Response (EAP-Resp/Id) are sent; both messages include the CBOR Object (Section 5) containing the cipher suite field for the cipher suite negotiation.¶

¶
Figure 7: Cipher Suites in the CoAP Payload
¶
Figure 8: Cipher Suite Negotiation

If there is no CBOR array specifying the cipher suites, the default cipher suites are applied. If the EAP authenticator sends a restricted list of cipher suites that can be accepted, it MUST include the default value 0, since it is mandatory to implement. The EAP peer will have at least that option available.¶

The cipher suite requirements are inherited from those established by OSCORE [RFC8613], which are COSE algorithms [RFC9053]. By default, the HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand Key Derivation Function (HKDF) algorithm is SHA-256 and the Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) algorithm is AES-CCM-16-64-128 [RFC9053]. ("HMAC" stands for "Hashed Message Authentication Code".) Both are mandatory to implement. The other supported and negotiated cipher suites are listed below; these hash algorithms are considered in cases where the specification includes DTLS support in the future (TLS_SHA256, TLS_SHA384, TLS_SHA512; see Appendix A):¶

- 0) AES-CCM-16-64-128, SHA-256 (default)¶

- 1) A128GCM, SHA-256¶

- 2) A256GCM, SHA-384¶

- 3) ChaCha20/Poly1305, SHA-256¶

- 4) ChaCha20/Poly1305, SHAKE256¶

This specification uses the HKDF as defined in [RFC5869] to derive the necessary key material. Since the key derivation process uses the MSK, which is considered fresh key material, the HKDF-Expand function (shortened here as "KDF") will be used. See Section 8.1 regarding why the use of this function is enough and it is not necessary to use KDF-Extract.¶

### 6.2. Deriving the OSCORE Security Context

The derivation of the OSCORE Security Context allows securing the communication between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator once the MSK has been exported, providing confidentiality, integrity, key confirmation (Steps 7 and 8 in Figure 3), and detection of downgrading attacks.¶

Once the Master Secret and Master Salt are derived, they can be used to derive the rest of the OSCORE Security Context (see Section 3.2.1 of [RFC8613]). It should be noted that the ID Context is not provided for the OSCORE Security Context derivation.¶

The Master Secret can be derived by using the chosen cipher suite and the KDF as follows:¶

    Master Secret = KDF(MSK, CS | "COAP-EAP OSCORE MASTER SECRET", length)

¶

where:¶

- The MSK is exported by the EAP method. The use of the MSK for key derivation is discussed in Section 8.¶

- CS is the concatenation of the content of the cipher suite negotiation -- that is, the concatenation of two CBOR arrays CS-C and CS-I (with CBOR ints as elements), as defined in Section 5. If neither CS-C nor CS-I was sent (i.e., default algorithms are used), the value used to generate CS will be the same as if the default algorithms were explicitly sent in CS-C or CS-I (i.e., a CBOR array with the cipher suite value of 0).¶

- "COAP-EAP OSCORE MASTER SECRET" is the ASCII code representation of the non-NULL-terminated string (excluding the double quotes around it).¶

- CS and "COAP-EAP OSCORE MASTER SECRET" are concatenated.¶

- length is the size of the output key material.¶

Similarly to the Master Secret, the Master Salt can be derived as follows:¶

    Master Salt = KDF(MSK, CS | "COAP-EAP OSCORE MASTER SALT", length)

¶

where:¶

- The MSK is exported by the EAP method. The use of the MSK for key derivation is discussed in Section 8.¶

- CS is the concatenation of the content of the cipher suite negotiation -- that is, the concatenation of two CBOR arrays CS-C and CS-I (with CBOR ints as elements), as defined in Section 5. If neither CS-C nor CS-I was sent (i.e., default algorithms are used), the value used to generate CS will be the same as if the default algorithms were explicitly sent in CS-C or CS-I (i.e., a CBOR array with the cipher suite value of 0).¶

- "COAP-EAP OSCORE MASTER SALT" is the ASCII code representation of the non-NULL-terminated string (excluding the double quotes around it).¶

- CS and "COAP-EAP OSCORE MASTER SALT" are concatenated.¶

- length is the size of the output key material.¶

Since the MSK is used to derive the Master Key, the correct verification of the OSCORE-protected request (Step 7) and response (Step 8) confirms that the EAP authenticator and the EAP peer have the same Master Secret, achieving key confirmation.¶

To prevent a downgrading attack, the content of the cipher suite (referred to here as "CS") negotiation is embedded in the Master Secret derivation. If an attacker changes the value of the cipher suite negotiation, the result will be different OSCORE Security Contexts, which in turn will result in failure in Steps 7 and 8.¶

The EAP authenticator will use the Recipient ID of the EAP peer (RID-I) as the Sender ID for its OSCORE Sender Context. The EAP peer will use this value as the Recipient ID for its Recipient Context.¶

The EAP peer will use the Recipient ID of the EAP authenticator (RID-C) as the Sender ID for its OSCORE Sender Context. The EAP authenticator will use this value as the Recipient ID for its Recipient Context.¶

## 7. Discussion

### 7.1. CoAP as the EAP Lower Layer

This section discusses the suitability of CoAP as the EAP lower layer and reviews the requisites imposed by EAP on any protocol transporting EAP. What EAP expects from its lower layers can be found in Section 3.1 of [RFC3748], which is elaborated next:¶

Unreliable transport:
  EAP does not assume that lower layers are reliable, but it can benefit from a reliable lower layer. In this sense, CoAP provides a reliability mechanism (e.g., using Confirmable messages).¶
Lower-layer error detection:
  EAP relies on lower-layer error detection (e.g., CRC, checksum, Message Integrity Check (MIC), etc.). For simplicity, CoAP-EAP delegates error detection to the lower layers, such as the link layer or transport layer (e.g., UDP over IPv6 or TCP).¶
Lower-layer security:
  EAP does not require security services from the lower layers.¶
Minimum MTU:
  Lower layers need to provide an EAP MTU size of 1020 octets or greater. CoAP assumes an upper bound of 1024 octets for its payload, which covers the EAP requirements when only the EAP message is sent in the CoAP payload. In the case of Messages 1 and 2 in Figure 3, those messages have extra information apart from EAP. Nevertheless, the EAP-Req/Id has a fixed length of 5 bytes. Message 2, with the EAP-Resp/Id, would limit the length of the identity being used to the CoAP payload maximum size (1024) - len( CS-I || RID-I ) - EAP Response header (5 bytes), which leaves enough space for sending even lengthy identities. Nevertheless, this limitation can be overcome by using CoAP block-wise transfers [RFC7959]. Note: When EAP is proxied over a AAA framework, the Access-Request packets in RADIUS MUST contain a Framed-MTU attribute with a value of 1024 and, in Diameter, the Framed-MTU Attribute-Value Pair (AVP) with a value of 1024. This information signals the AAA server that it should limit its responses to 1024 octets.¶
Ordering guarantees:
  EAP relies on lower-layer ordering guarantees for correct operation. Regarding message ordering, every time a new message arrives at the authentication service hosted by the EAP peer, a new resource is created, and this is indicated in a '2.01 Created' response code along with the name of the new resource via Location-Path or Location-Query Options. This way, the application shows that its state has advanced.¶

Although [RFC3748] states that "EAP provides its own support for duplicate elimination and retransmission," EAP is also reliant on lower-layer ordering guarantees. In this regard, [RFC3748] talks about possible duplication and says, "Where the lower layer is reliable, it will provide the EAP layer with a non-duplicated stream of packets. However, while it is desirable that lower layers provide for non-duplication, this is not a requirement." CoAP provides a non-duplicated stream of packets and accomplishes the desirable non-duplication. In addition, [RFC3748] says that when EAP runs over a reliable lower layer "the authenticator retransmission timer SHOULD be set to an infinite value, so that retransmissions do not occur at the EAP layer."¶

### 7.2. Size of the EAP Lower Layer vs. EAP Method Size

Regarding the impact that an EAP lower layer will have on the number of bytes of the whole authentication exchange, [CoAP-EAP] provides a comparison with another network-layer-based EAP lower layer, the Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network Access (PANA) as defined in [RFC5191].¶

The EAP method being transported will take most of the exchange. However, the impact of the EAP lower layer cannot be ignored, especially in very constrained communication technologies such as those with limited capabilities (e.g., as can be found in IoT networks).¶

Note: To improve efficiency in environments with constrained devices and networks, the latest versions of EAP methods (e.g., EAP-AKA' [RFC5448], EAP-TLS 1.3 [RFC9190]) are recommended over older versions. EAP methods more adapted for IoT networks (e.g., EAP-NOOB [RFC9140], EAP-EDHOC [EAP-EDHOC], etc.) are also recommended.¶

## 8. Security Considerations

Security aspects to be considered include how authorization is managed, the use of the MSK as key material, and how trust in the EAP authenticator is established. Additional considerations such as EAP channel binding as per [RFC6677] are also discussed here.¶

### 8.1. Use of EAP Methods

This document limits the use of EAP methods to those compliant with [RFC4017], yielding strong and fresh session keys such as the MSK. By this assumption, the HKDF-Expand function is used directly, as clarified in [RFC5869].¶

### 8.2. Authorization

Authorization is part of bootstrapping. It serves to establish whether the EAP peer can join and the set of conditions it must adhere to. The authorization data will be gathered from the organization that is responsible for the EAP peer and sent to the EAP authenticator if a AAA infrastructure is deployed.¶

In standalone mode, the authorization information will be in the EAP authenticator. If pass-through mode is used, authorization data received from the AAA server can be delivered by the AAA protocol (e.g., RADIUS or Diameter). Providing more fine-grained authorization data can be done by transporting the data using the Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) in RADIUS [RFC7833]. After bootstrapping, additional authorization information may be needed to operate in the security domain. This can be taken care of by the solutions proposed in the Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments (ACE) WG, such as the use of OAuth [RFC9200], among other solutions, to provide ACE.¶

### 8.3. Allowing CoAP-EAP Traffic to Perform Authentication

Since CoAP is an application protocol, CoAP-EAP assumes certain IP connectivity in the link between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator to run. This link MUST only authorize unprotected IP traffic to be sent between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator during the authentication with CoAP-EAP. Once the authentication is successful, the key material generated by the EAP authentication (MSK) and any other traffic can be authorized if it is protected. It is worth noting that if the EAP authenticator is not in the same link as the EAP peer and an intermediate entity (e.g., a CoAP proxy) helps with this process, this concept also applies to the communication between the EAP peer and the intermediary.¶

Alternatively, the link layer MAY provide support to transport CoAP-EAP without an IP address by using link-layer frames (e.g., by defining a new Key Management Protocol ID per IEEE 802.15.9 [IEEE802159]).¶

### 8.4. Freshness of the Key Material

In CoAP-EAP, there is no nonce exchange to provide freshness to the keys derived from the MSK. The MSKs and EMSKs are fresh key material per [RFC5247]. Since only one authentication is established per EAP authenticator, there is no need to generate additional key material. If a new MSK is required, a re-authentication can be done by running the process again or using a more lightweight EAP method to derive additional key material as elaborated in Section 3.3.¶

### 8.5. Channel-Binding Support

According to [RFC6677], channel binding, as related to EAP, is sent through the EAP method supporting it.¶

To satisfy the requirements of this document, the EAP lower-layer identifier for CoAP-EAP (10, as assigned by IANA; see Section 9.4) needs to be sent, in the EAP Lower-Layer Attribute if RADIUS is used.¶

### 8.6. Additional Security Considerations

In the authentication process, it is possible for an entity to forge messages to generate denial-of-service (DoS) attacks on any of the entities involved. For instance, an attacker can forge multiple initial messages to start an authentication (Step 0 in Figure 3) with the EAP authenticator as if they were sent by different EAP peers. Consequently, the EAP authenticator will start an authentication process for each message received in Step 0, sending the EAP-Req/Id (Step 1).¶

To minimize the effects of this DoS attack, it is RECOMMENDED that the EAP authenticator limit the rate at which it processes incoming messages in Step 0 to provide robustness against DoS attacks. The details of rate limiting are outside the scope of this specification. Nevertheless, the rate of these messages is also limited by the bandwidth available between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator. This bandwidth will be especially limited in constrained links (e.g., Low-Power WANs (LPWANs)). Lastly, it is also RECOMMENDED to reduce at a minimum the state in the EAP authenticator at least until the EAP-Resp/Id is received by the EAP authenticator.¶

Another security-related concern is how to ensure that the EAP peer joining the security domain can trust the EAP authenticator. This issue is elaborated in [RFC5247]. In particular, the EAP peer knows it can trust the EAP authenticator because the key that is used to establish the security association is derived from the MSK. If the EAP authenticator has the MSK, it is because the AAA server of the EAP peer trusted the EAP authenticator.¶

## 9. IANA Considerations

### 9.1. CoAP-EAP Cipher Suites

IANA has created a new registry titled "CoAP-EAP Cipher Suites" under a new registry group named "CoAP-EAP". The registration procedures are "Specification Required", "Private Use", and "Standards Action with Expert Review" (see [RFC8126]), as shown in Table 1.¶

Table 1: Registration Procedures for CoAP-EAP Cipher Suites
Range | Registration Procedures
--- | ---
-65536 to -25 | Specification Required
-24 to -21 | Private Use
-20 to 23 | Standards Action with Expert Review
24 to 65535 | Specification Required

The columns of the registry are Value, Algorithms, Description, and Reference, where Value is an integer and the other columns are text strings. The initial registrations are shown in Table 2.¶

Table 2: CoAP-EAP Cipher Suites: Initial Registrations
Value | Algorithms | Description | Reference
--- | --- | --- | ---
0 | 10, -16 | AES-CCM-16-64-128, SHA-256 | RFC 9820
1 | 1, -16 | A128GCM, SHA-256 | RFC 9820
2 | 3, -43 | A256GCM, SHA-384 | RFC 9820
3 | 24, -16 | ChaCha20/Poly1305, SHA-256 | RFC 9820
4 | 24, -45 | ChaCha20/Poly1305, SHAKE256 | RFC 9820

### 9.2. CDDL in CoAP-EAP Information Elements

IANA has created a new registry titled "CoAP-EAP Information Elements" under a new registry group named "CoAP-EAP". The registration procedures are "Standards Action with Expert Review", "Private Use", "Specification Required", and "Experimental Use" (see [RFC8126]), as shown in Table 3.¶

Table 3: Registration Procedures for CoAP-EAP Information Elements
Range | Registration Procedures
--- | ---
0 to 23 | Standards Action with Expert Review
24 to 49 | Private Use
50 to 65000 | Specification Required
65001 to 65535 | Experimental Use

The columns of the registry are Name, Label, CBOR Type, Description, and Reference, where Label is an integer and the other columns are text strings. The initial registrations are shown in Table 4.¶

Table 4: CoAP-EAP Information Elements: Initial Registrations
Name | Label | CBOR Type | Description | Reference
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Cipher Suite | 1 | CBOR Array | List of the proposed or selected COSE algorithms for OSCORE | RFC 9820
RID-C | 2 | Byte String | Contains the Recipient ID of the EAP authenticator | RFC 9820
RID-I | 3 | Byte String | Contains the Recipient ID of the EAP peer | RFC 9820
Session-Lifetime | 4 | uint | Contains the time that the session is valid, in seconds | RFC 9820

### 9.3. The Well-Known URIs Registry

IANA has added the well-known URI "coap-eap" to the "Well-Known URIs" registry under the "Well-Known URIs" registry group defined by [RFC8615].¶

URI Suffix:
  coap-eap¶
Reference:
  RFC 9820¶
Status:
  permanent¶
Change Controller:
  IETF¶

### 9.4. The EAP Lower Layers Registry

IANA has added the identifier "CoAP-EAP" to the "EAP Lower Layers" registry (defined by [RFC6677]) under the "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Registry".¶

Value:
  10¶
Lower Layer:
  CoAP-EAP¶
Reference:
  RFC 9820¶

### 9.5. Media Types Registry

IANA has added the media type "application/coap-eap" to the "Media Types" registry. Section 4 defines the format.¶

Type name:
  application¶
Subtype name:
  coap-eap¶
Required parameters:
  N/A¶
Optional parameters:
  N/A¶
Encoding considerations:
  binary¶
Security considerations:
  See Section 8 of RFC 9820.¶
Interoperability considerations:
  N/A¶
Published specification:
  RFC 9820¶
Applications that use this media type:
  To be identified¶
Fragment identifier considerations:
  N/A¶
Additional information:

  Magic number(s):
    N/A¶
  File extension(s):
    N/A¶
  Macintosh file type code(s):
    N/A¶
Person and email address to contact for further information:
  ace@ietf.org¶
Intended usage:
  COMMON¶
Restrictions on usage:
  N/A¶
Author:
  See the "Authors' Addresses" section of RFC 9820.¶
Change Controller:
  IETF¶

### 9.6. CoAP Content-Formats Registry

IANA has added the media type "application/coap-eap" to the "CoAP Content-Formats" registry under the "Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Parameters" registry group, following the specification in Section 12.3 of [RFC7252].¶

Table 5: CoAP Content-Formats Registry
Media Type | Content Encoding | ID | Reference
--- | --- | --- | ---
application/coap-eap | - | 269 | RFC 9820

### 9.7. Resource Type (rt=) Link Target Attribute Values Registry

IANA has added the resource type "core.coap-eap" to the "Resource Type (rt=) Link Target Attribute Values" registry under the "Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Parameters" registry group.¶

Table 6: Resource Type (rt=) Link Target Attribute Values Registry
Value | Description | Reference
--- | --- | ---
core.coap-eap | CoAP-EAP resource | RFC 9820

### 9.8. Expert Review Instructions

The IANA registries established in this document apply the "Specification Required", "Private Use", "Standards Action with Expert Review", and "Experimental Use" policies. (See also [RFC8126].) This section provides general guidelines for what experts should focus on, but as they are designated experts for a reason, they should be granted flexibility.¶

- When defining the use of CoAP-EAP Information Elements (IEs), experts are expected to evaluate how the values are defined, their scope, and whether they align with CoAP-EAP's functionality and constraints. They are expected to assess whether the values are clear, well structured, and follow CoAP and CoAP-EAP conventions, such as concise encoding for constrained environments. They should ensure that these IEs can seamlessly integrate with existing CoAP implementations and extensions. Experts are also expected to verify that IE values are protected from unauthorized modification or misuse during transmission.¶

- When adding new cipher suites, experts must ensure that algorithm values are sourced from the appropriate registry when required. They should also consider seeking input from relevant IETF working groups regarding the accuracy of registered parameters.¶

## 10. References

### 10.1. Normative References

[RFC2119]
  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3748]
  Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J., Carlson, J., and H. Levkowetz, Ed., "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)", RFC 3748, DOI 10.17487/RFC3748, June 2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3748>.
[RFC5247]
  Aboba, B., Simon, D., and P. Eronen, "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Key Management Framework", RFC 5247, DOI 10.17487/RFC5247, August 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5247>.
[RFC6677]
  Hartman, S., Ed., Clancy, T., and K. Hoeper, "Channel-Binding Support for Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Methods", RFC 6677, DOI 10.17487/RFC6677, July 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6677>.
[RFC7252]
  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252, DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.
[RFC7959]
  Bormann, C. and Z. Shelby, Ed., "Block-Wise Transfers in the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7959, DOI 10.17487/RFC7959, August 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7959>.
[RFC8174]
  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8323]
  Bormann, C., Lemay, S., Tschofenig, H., Hartke, K., Silverajan, B., and B. Raymor, Ed., "CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) over TCP, TLS, and WebSockets", RFC 8323, DOI 10.17487/RFC8323, February 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8323>.
[RFC8613]
  Selander, G., Mattsson, J., Palombini, F., and L. Seitz, "Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments (OSCORE)", RFC 8613, DOI 10.17487/RFC8613, July 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8613>.
[RFC8949]
  Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)", STD 94, RFC 8949, DOI 10.17487/RFC8949, December 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8949>.

### 10.2. Informative References

[CoAP-EAP]
  Garcia-Carrillo, D. and R. Marin-Lopez, "Lightweight CoAP-Based Bootstrapping Service for the Internet of Things", Sensors, vol. 16, no. 3, DOI 10.3390/s16030358, 2016, <https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/3/358>.
[EAP-EDHOC]
  Garcia-Carrillo, D., Marin-Lopez, R., Selander, G., Preuß Mattsson, J., and F. Lopez-Gomez, "Using the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) with Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman over COSE (EDHOC)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-emu-eap-edhoc-05, 30 July 2025, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-emu-eap-edhoc-05>.
[EAP-Framework-IoT]
  Sethi, M. and T. Aura, "Secure Network Access Authentication for IoT Devices: EAP Framework vs. Individual Protocols", IEEE Communications Standards Magazine, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 34-39, DOI 10.1109/MCOMSTD.201.2000088, 2021, <https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9579387>.
[IEEE802159]
  IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Transport of Key Management Protocol (KMP) Datagrams", IEEE Std 802.15.9-2021, DOI 10.1109/IEEESTD.2022.9690134, January 2022, <https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2022.9690134>.
[LO-CoAP-EAP]
  Garcia-Carrillo, D., Marin-Lopez, R., Kandasamy, A., and A. Pelov, "A CoAP-Based Network Access Authentication Service for Low-Power Wide Area Networks: LO-CoAP-EAP", Sensors, vol. 17, no. 11, DOI 10.3390/s17112646, 2017, <https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/11/2646>.
[RFC4017]
  Stanley, D., Walker, J., and B. Aboba, "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Method Requirements for Wireless LANs", RFC 4017, DOI 10.17487/RFC4017, March 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4017>.
[RFC4137]
  Vollbrecht, J., Eronen, P., Petroni, N., and Y. Ohba, "State Machines for Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Peer and Authenticator", RFC 4137, DOI 10.17487/RFC4137, August 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4137>.
[RFC4186]
  Haverinen, H., Ed. and J. Salowey, Ed., "Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Subscriber Identity Modules (EAP-SIM)", RFC 4186, DOI 10.17487/RFC4186, January 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4186>.
[RFC4764]
  Bersani, F. and H. Tschofenig, "The EAP-PSK Protocol: A Pre-Shared Key Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Method", RFC 4764, DOI 10.17487/RFC4764, January 2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4764>.
[RFC5191]
  Forsberg, D., Ohba, Y., Ed., Patil, B., Tschofenig, H., and A. Yegin, "Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network Access (PANA)", RFC 5191, DOI 10.17487/RFC5191, May 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5191>.
[RFC5433]
  Clancy, T. and H. Tschofenig, "Extensible Authentication Protocol - Generalized Pre-Shared Key (EAP-GPSK) Method", RFC 5433, DOI 10.17487/RFC5433, February 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5433>.
[RFC5448]
  Arkko, J., Lehtovirta, V., and P. Eronen, "Improved Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for 3rd Generation Authentication and Key Agreement (EAP-AKA')", RFC 5448, DOI 10.17487/RFC5448, May 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5448>.
[RFC5869]
  Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869, DOI 10.17487/RFC5869, May 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5869>.
[RFC6696]
  Cao, Z., He, B., Shi, Y., Wu, Q., Ed., and G. Zorn, Ed., "EAP Extensions for the EAP Re-authentication Protocol (ERP)", RFC 6696, DOI 10.17487/RFC6696, July 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6696>.
[RFC7833]
  Howlett, J., Hartman, S., and A. Perez-Mendez, Ed., "A RADIUS Attribute, Binding, Profiles, Name Identifier Format, and Confirmation Methods for the Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)", RFC 7833, DOI 10.17487/RFC7833, May 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7833>.
[RFC7967]
  Bhattacharyya, A., Bandyopadhyay, S., Pal, A., and T. Bose, "Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) Option for No Server Response", RFC 7967, DOI 10.17487/RFC7967, August 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7967>.
[RFC8126]
  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.
[RFC8446]
  Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.
[RFC8615]
  Nottingham, M., "Well-Known Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)", RFC 8615, DOI 10.17487/RFC8615, May 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8615>.
[RFC8824]
  Minaburo, A., Toutain, L., and R. Andreasen, "Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) for the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 8824, DOI 10.17487/RFC8824, June 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8824>.
[RFC9031]
  Vučinić, M., Ed., Simon, J., Pister, K., and M. Richardson, "Constrained Join Protocol (CoJP) for 6TiSCH", RFC 9031, DOI 10.17487/RFC9031, May 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9031>.
[RFC9053]
  Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Initial Algorithms", RFC 9053, DOI 10.17487/RFC9053, August 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9053>.
[RFC9140]
  Aura, T., Sethi, M., and A. Peltonen, "Nimble Out-of-Band Authentication for EAP (EAP-NOOB)", RFC 9140, DOI 10.17487/RFC9140, December 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9140>.
[RFC9147]
  Rescorla, E., Tschofenig, H., and N. Modadugu, "The Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) Protocol Version 1.3", RFC 9147, DOI 10.17487/RFC9147, April 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9147>.
[RFC9176]
  Amsüss, C., Ed., Shelby, Z., Koster, M., Bormann, C., and P. van der Stok, "Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Resource Directory", RFC 9176, DOI 10.17487/RFC9176, April 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9176>.
[RFC9190]
  Preuß Mattsson, J. and M. Sethi, "EAP-TLS 1.3: Using the Extensible Authentication Protocol with TLS 1.3", RFC 9190, DOI 10.17487/RFC9190, February 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9190>.
[RFC9200]
  Seitz, L., Selander, G., Wahlstroem, E., Erdtman, S., and H. Tschofenig, "Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments Using the OAuth 2.0 Framework (ACE-OAuth)", RFC 9200, DOI 10.17487/RFC9200, August 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9200>.
[THREAD]
  Kumar, S. and E. Dijk, "Thread 1.4 Features White Paper", September 2024, <https://www.threadgroup.org/Portals/0/Documents/Thread_1.4_Features_White_Paper_September_2024.pdf>.
[TS133.501]
  ETSI, "5G; Security architecture and procedures for 5G System", V18.9.0, ETSI TS 133 501, April 2025, <https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/133500_133599/133501/18.09.00_60/ts_133501v180900p.pdf>.

## Appendix A. Flow of Operation (DTLS Establishment)

CoAP-EAP makes it possible to derive a Pre-Shared Key (PSK) from the MSK to allow (D)TLS PSK-based authentication between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator instead of using OSCORE. In the case of using (D)TLS to establish a security association, there is a limitation on the use of intermediaries between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator, as (D)TLS breaks the end-to-end communications when using intermediaries such as proxies.¶

Figure 9 shows the last steps of the flow of operation for CoAP-EAP when (D)TLS is used to protect the communication between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator using the keying material exported by the EAP authentication. The general flow is essentially the same as in the case of OSCORE, except that DTLS negotiation is established in Step 7. Once DTLS negotiation has finished successfully, the EAP peer is granted access to the domain. Step 7 MUST be interpreted by the EAP peer as an alternate success indication, which will end up with the MSK and the DTLS_PSK derivation for the (D)TLS authentication based on the PSK.¶

¶
Figure 9: CoAP-EAP Flow of Operation with DTLS

According to [RFC8446], the provision of the PSK out of band also requires the provision of the KDF hash algorithm and the PSK identity. To simplify the design in CoAP-EAP, the KDF hash algorithm can be included in the list of cipher suites exchanged in Steps 1 and 2 (Figure 8) if one wants to use DTLS instead of OSCORE. For the same reason, the PSK identity is derived from RID-C || RID-I as defined in Appendix A.1.¶

Analogous to how the cipher suite is negotiated for OSCORE (Section 6.1), the EAP authenticator sends a list, in decreasing order of preference, with the identifiers of the hash algorithms supported (Step 1). In the response, the EAP peer sends its choice.¶

This list is included in the payload after the EAP message with a CBOR array that contains the cipher suites. This CBOR array is enclosed as one of the elements of the CBOR Object used for transporting information in CoAP-EAP (see Section 5). An example of how the fields are arranged in the CoAP payload can be seen in Figure 7.¶

If there is no CBOR array specifying the cipher suites, the default cipher suites are applied. If the EAP authenticator sends a restricted list of cipher suites that can be accepted, it MUST include the default value 0, since it is mandatory to implement. The EAP peer will have at least that option available.¶

For DTLS, the negotiated cipher suite is used to determine the hash function to be used to derive the "DTLS_PSK" from the MSK. The following hash algorithms are considered in cases where the specification includes DTLS support in the future:¶

- 5) TLS_SHA256¶

- 6) TLS_SHA384¶

- 7) TLS_SHA512¶

The inclusion of these values, apart from indicating the hash algorithm, indicates that the EAP authenticator intends to establish an OSCORE security association or a DTLS security association after the authentication is completed. If both options appear in the cipher suite negotiation, the OSCORE security association will be preferred over DTLS.¶

### A.1. Deriving DTLS_PSK and Identity

To enable DTLS after an EAP authentication, Identity and the PSK for DTLS are defined. Identity in this case is generated by concatenating the exchanged Sender ID and the Recipient ID.¶

                    CoAP-EAP PSK Identity = RID-C || RID-I

¶

It is also possible to derive a PSK for DTLS [RFC9147], referred to here as "DTLS_PSK", from the MSK between both the EAP peer and EAP authenticator if required. The length of the DTLS_PSK will depend on the cipher suite. To have keying material with sufficient length, a key of 32 bytes is derived that can be truncated later if needed:¶

                    DTLS_PSK = KDF(MSK, "CoAP-EAP DTLS_PSK", length)

¶

where:¶

- The MSK is exported by the EAP method.¶

- "CoAP-EAP DTLS_PSK" is the ASCII code representation of the non-NULL-terminated string (excluding the double quotes around it).¶

- length is the size of the output key material.¶

## Appendix B. Using CoAP-EAP for Distributing Key Material for IoT Networks

Similarly to the example in Appendix A.1, where a PSK for DTLS is derived, it is possible to provide key material to different link layers after the CoAP-EAP authentication is complete.¶

For example, CoAP-EAP could be used to derive the PSK required to run the Constrained Join Protocol (CoJP) for IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e (6TiSCH) [RFC9031]. ("TSCH" stands for "Time-Slotted Channel Hopping".)¶

Another example would be when a shared Network Key is required by the devices that join a network. An example of this Network Key can be found in the THREAD protocol [THREAD]. After CoAP-EAP execution, a security association based on OSCORE protects any exchange between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator. This security association can be used for distributing the Network Key securely and other required parameters. How the Network Key is distributed after a successful CoAP-EAP authentication is outside the scope of this document.¶

How a particular link-layer technology uses the MSK to derive further key material for protecting the link layer or uses OSCORE protection to distribute key material is outside the scope of this document.¶

## Appendix C. Example Use Case Scenarios

In IoT networks, for an EAP peer to act as a trustworthy entity within a security domain, certain key material needs to be shared between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator.¶

Next, examples of different use case scenarios will be elaborated on as related to the usage of CoAP-EAP.¶

Generally, four entities are involved:¶

- Two EAP peers (A and B).¶

- One EAP authenticator (C). The EAP authenticator manages a domain where EAP peers can be deployed. In IoT networks, it can be considered a more powerful machine than the EAP peers.¶

- One AAA server. Optional. The AAA server is not constrained. Here, the EAP authenticator is operating in pass-through mode.¶

Generally, any EAP peer wanting to join the domain managed by the EAP authenticator MUST perform a CoAP-EAP authentication with the EAP authenticator (C). This authentication MAY involve an external AAA server. This means that the EAP peers (A and B), once deployed, will run CoAP-EAP once, as a bootstrapping phase, to establish a security association with C. Moreover, any other entity that wants to join and establish communications with EAP peers under C's domain must also do the same.¶

By using EAP, the flexibility of having different types of credentials can be achieved. For instance, if a device that is not battery dependent and not very constrained is available, a heavier authentication method could be used. With varied EAP peers and networks, authentication methods that are more lightweight (e.g., EAP-NOOB [RFC9140], EAP-AKA' [RFC5448], EAP-PSK [RFC4764], EAP-EDHOC [EAP-EDHOC], etc.) and are able to adapt to different types of devices according to organization policies or device capabilities might need to be used.¶

### C.1. Example 1: CoAP-EAP Using ACE

When using ACE, the process of client registration and provisioning of credentials to the client is not specified. The process of client registration and provisioning can be achieved using CoAP-EAP. Once the process of authentication with EAP is completed, the fresh key material is shared between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator. With ACE, the EAP authenticator and the Authorization Server (AS) can be co-located.¶

Next, a general way to exemplify how client registration can be performed using CoAP-EAP is presented, to allow two EAP peers (A and B) to communicate and interact after a successful client registration.¶

EAP peer A wants to communicate with EAP peer B (e.g., to activate a light switch). The overall process is divided into three phases.¶

- In the first phase, EAP peer A does not yet belong to EAP authenticator C's domain. Then, it communicates with C and authenticates with CoAP-EAP, which, optionally, communicates with the AAA server to complete the authentication process. If the authentication is successful, a fresh MSK is shared between C and EAP peer A. This key material allows EAP peer A to establish a security association with C. Some authorization information may also be provided in this step. If EAP is used in standalone mode, the AS itself, having information about the devices, can be the entity providing said authorization information.¶

  If authentication and authorization are correct, EAP peer A is enrolled in EAP authenticator C's domain for some period of time. In particular, [RFC5247] recommends 8 hours, though the entity providing the authorization information can establish this lifetime. In the same manner, B needs to perform the same process with CoAP-EAP to be part of EAP authenticator C's domain.¶

- In the second phase, when EAP peer A wants to talk to EAP peer B, it contacts EAP authenticator C for authorization to access EAP peer B and obtain all the required information to do that securely (e.g., keys, tokens, authorization information, etc.). This phase does NOT require the usage of CoAP-EAP. The details of this phase are outside the scope of this document; the ACE framework is used for this purpose. See [RFC9200].¶

- In the third phase, EAP peer A can access EAP peer B with the credentials and information obtained from EAP authenticator C during the second phase. This access can be repeated without contacting the EAP authenticator, as long as the credentials given to A are still valid. The details of this phase are outside the scope of this document.¶

It is worth noting that to join EAP authenticator C's domain, the first phase (authentication via CoAP-EAP) is required. Once it is performed successfully, the communications are local to EAP authenticator C's domain and there is no need to perform a new EAP authentication as long as the key material is still valid. When the keys are about to expire, the EAP peer can engage in a re-authentication to renew the key material, as explained in Section 3.3.¶

### C.2. Example 2: Multiple Domains with AAA Infrastructures

A device (A) of the domain acme.org uses a specific kind of credential and intends to join the um.es domain. This user does not belong to this domain, for which it first performs a client registration using CoAP-EAP. To do this, it interacts with the EAP authenticator's domain, which in turn communicates with a AAA infrastructure (acting as a AAA client). Then, the local AAA server communicates with the home AAA server to complete the authentication. This way, the device can be considered as a trustworthy entity within EAP authenticator C's domain. In this scenario, the AS, in the role of the EAP authenticator, receives the key material from the AAA infrastructure.¶

### C.3. Example 3: Single Domain with a AAA Infrastructure

In this scenario, a university campus has several faculty buildings, where each building has its criteria or policies in place to manage EAP peers under an AS. All buildings belong to the same domain (e.g., um.es). All these buildings are managed with a AAA infrastructure. A new device (A) with credentials from the domain (e.g., um.es) will be able to perform the device registration with an EAP authenticator (C) of any building if they are managed by the same general domain.¶

### C.4. Example 4: Single Domain Without a AAA Infrastructure

In another case, without a AAA infrastructure, with an EAP authenticator that has co-located the EAP server, and using EAP standalone mode, all the devices can be managed within the same domain locally. Client registration of an EAP peer (A) with a Controller (C) can also be performed in the same manner.¶

### C.5. Other Use Cases

#### C.5.1. CoAP-EAP for Network Access Authentication

One of the first steps for an EAP peer is to perform the authentication to gain access to the network. To do so, the device must first be authenticated and granted authorization to gain access to the network. Additionally, security parameters such as credentials can be derived from the authentication process, allowing the trustworthy operation of the EAP peer in a particular network by joining the security domain. By using EAP, this can be achieved with flexibility and scalability, because of the different EAP methods available and the ability to rely on AAA infrastructures if needed to support multi-domain scenarios, which is a key feature when the EAP peers deployed under the same security domain belong, for example, to different organizations.¶

The following two cases apply to the process of joining a network: 1) the node has an IPv6 address (e.g., link-local IPv6 or IPv6 global address) and 2) the node does not have an IPv6 address.¶

In networks where the device is in place but no IP support is available until the EAP peer is authenticated, specific support for this EAP lower layer has to be defined to allow CoAP-EAP messages to be exchanged between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator. For example, in IEEE 802.15.4 networks, a new Key Management Protocol (KMP) ID can be defined to add such support in the case of IEEE 802.15.9 [IEEE802159], where it can be assumed that the device has at least a link-layer IPv6 address.¶

When the EAP peer intends to be admitted into the network, it would search for an entity that offers the CoAP-EAP service, be it directly via the EAP authenticator or through an intermediary (e.g., proxy). See Section 3.1.¶

CoAP-EAP will run between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator or through an intermediary entity such as a proxy, as happens in a mesh network, where the EAP authenticator could be placed one or more hops away from the EAP peer. In the case that a proxy participates in CoAP-EAP, it will be because it is already a trustworthy entity within the domain and communicates through a secure channel with the EAP authenticator, as illustrated by Figure 10.¶

If the EAP peer cannot connect to the EAP authenticator directly, the EAP peer can follow the same process as that described in Section 3.6 to perform the authentication (i.e., can connect via an intermediary entity (e.g., proxy) that is already part of the network (already shares key material and communicates through a secure channel with the authenticator) and can aid in running CoAP-EAP).¶

When CoAP-EAP is completed and the OSCORE security association is established with the EAP authenticator, the EAP peer receives the local configuration parameters for the network (e.g., a Network Key) and can configure a global IPv6 address. Moreover, there is no need for an intermediary entity after a successful authentication.¶

For removal, if the EAP authenticator decides to remove a particular EAP peer from the network or the peer itself intends to leave, either the EAP peer or the EAP authenticator can directly send a DELETE command to explicitly express that the network access state is removed, and the device will no longer belong to the network. Thus, any state related to the EAP peer is removed in the EAP authenticator. Forced removal can be done by sending new specific key material to the devices that still belong to the network, excluding the removed device, following a model similar to CoJP for 6TiSCH [RFC9031]. The specifics on how this process is to be done are outside the scope of this document.¶

¶
Figure 10: CoAP-EAP Through CoAP Proxy

Given that EAP is also used for network access authentication, this service can be adapted to other technologies -- for instance, to provide network access control to very constrained technologies (e.g., Long Range (LoRa) networks). The authors of [LO-CoAP-EAP] provide a study of a minimal version of CoAP-EAP for LPWANs, with interesting results. In this specific case, compression as provided by Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) for CoAP [RFC8824] can be leveraged.¶

#### C.5.2. CoAP-EAP for Service Authentication

It is not uncommon that the infrastructure where the device is deployed and the services of the EAP peer are managed by different organizations. Therefore, in addition to the authentication for network access control, the possibility of a secondary authentication to access different services has to be considered. This process of authentication, for example, will provide the necessary key material to establish a secure channel and interact with the entity in charge of granting access to different services.¶

In 5G, for example, consider primary and secondary authentication using EAP [TS133.501].¶

## Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the reviewers of this work: Paul Wouters, Heikki Vatiainen, Josh Howlett, Deb Cooley, Eliot Lear, Alan DeKok, Carsten Bormann, Mohit Sethi, Benjamin Kaduk, Christian Amsüss, John Preuß Mattsson, Göran Selander, Alexandre Petrescu, Pedro Moreno-Sanchez, and Eduardo Ingles-Sanchez.¶

We would also like to thank Gabriel Lopez-Millan for the first review of this document, Ivan Jimenez-Sanchez for the first proof-of-concept implementation of this idea, Julian Niklas Schimmelpfennig for the implementation of the Erbium-based IoT device implementation, and Daniel Menendez Gonzalez for the Python implementation.¶

Thanks also to Alexander Pelov and Laurent Toutain for their valuable comments, especially regarding the potential optimizations of CoAP-EAP.¶

This work was supported in part by Grant PID2020-112675RB-C44 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/5011000011033 (ONOFRE-3-UMU) and in part by the H2020 EU project IoTCrawler under contract 779852.¶

## Authors' Addresses